QUESTION 1: In the future, it may be necessary for us to live on other planets. For this reason, some people believe that we should spend money now researching planets that could be a possible home, such as Mars.  To what extent do you agree or disagree?

IDEAS:

Agreeing with the statement:

1. Ensuring long-term survival: Investing in researching and potentially colonizing other planets like Mars can serve as a backup plan for humanity’s long-term survival in case of catastrophic events on Earth.

2. Advancing scientific knowledge: Exploring other planets and their potential habitability can provide valuable insights into planetary science, astrobiology, and our understanding of the universe, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge.

3. Technological advancements: The pursuit of space exploration and colonization drives innovation and technological advancements that can have practical applications on Earth, benefiting various industries and improving our quality of life.

4. Resource exploration: Researching other planets can help identify and utilize resources that may be scarce or depleted on Earth, potentially addressing resource challenges and ensuring sustainable development.

5. Stimulating the economy: Investing in space exploration and research creates job opportunities, fosters collaboration between industries, and stimulates economic growth, providing both direct and indirect benefits to society.

6. Inspiring future generations: The pursuit of exploring and potentially colonizing other planets can inspire and motivate future generations to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), driving innovation and progress.

Disagreeing with the statement:

1. Allocation of resources: Investing substantial amounts of money in researching other planets may divert resources away from addressing pressing issues on Earth, such as poverty, healthcare, climate change, and social inequalities.

2. Prioritizing Earth’s challenges: The focus should be on addressing the urgent challenges faced by humanity on Earth, including environmental degradation, sustainable development, and socio-economic disparities, before investing in space exploration.

3. High costs and feasibility: The costs associated with researching and colonizing other planets are extremely high, and the feasibility of establishing viable human settlements on planets like Mars remains uncertain, making it a less practical use of resources.

4. Ethical considerations: Allocating resources to space exploration and colonization raises ethical questions regarding the distribution of wealth, the prioritization of human needs, and the potential displacement of indigenous life forms if they exist on other planets.

5. Preservation of Earth’s ecosystems: Rather than seeking alternative planets for colonization, efforts should be focused on preserving and protecting Earth’s ecosystems, as our planet provides a unique and diverse environment that supports a wide range of life forms.

6. Collaborative international efforts: Resources could be better utilized through international collaborations to address global challenges collectively, fostering cooperation and mutual understanding among nations rather than competing for planetary colonization.

QUESTION 2: Some people believe that the government should spend more money putting in more works of art like paintings and statues in cities to make them better places to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

IDEAS:

Agreeing with the statement:

1. Cultural enrichment: Investing in more works of art in cities can contribute to the cultural enrichment of the community, providing opportunities for artistic expression, creativity, and appreciation of diverse artistic forms.

2. Aesthetically pleasing environments: Artistic installations, such as paintings and statues, can enhance the visual appeal of cities, making them more aesthetically pleasing and creating a sense of pride and identity among residents.

3. Tourism and economic benefits: Cities with a vibrant art scene and a significant number of public artworks can attract tourists, boost local economies through increased visitor spending, and support the growth of creative industries.

4. Public engagement and interaction: Art in public spaces encourages public engagement and interaction, fostering a sense of community and social cohesion as individuals come together to appreciate and discuss the artworks.

5. Inspiring creativity and innovation: Exposure to art can inspire creativity and innovation, benefiting various sectors such as design, architecture, and education, and fostering a more vibrant and innovative society.

6. Preservation of cultural heritage: Investing in public artworks can help preserve and showcase cultural heritage, allowing future generations to connect with their history and traditions.

7. Psychological and well-being benefits: Art has the potential to uplift moods, reduce stress, and enhance well-being. More artworks in cities can create positive and inspiring environments for residents, improving their overall quality of life.

8. Promoting inclusivity and diversity: Public art can provide a platform for underrepresented artists and diverse perspectives, promoting inclusivity, and celebrating the richness of different cultures within a city.

Disagreeing with the statement:

1. Allocation of resources: Government spending on artworks may be seen as a luxury when there are more pressing needs such as infrastructure, healthcare, education, and social welfare that require funding.

2. Subjective nature of art: Art preferences vary among individuals, and what may be considered a valuable addition to a city by some could be seen as unappealing or irrelevant by others, leading to potential conflicts and disagreements.

3. Maintenance and upkeep costs: Public artworks require ongoing maintenance, restoration, and protection, which can be expensive and may strain limited resources that could be allocated to other important areas.

4. Prioritizing essential services: Governments should focus on providing essential services and meeting basic needs of citizens before investing in non-essential areas like public art, ensuring the well-being and welfare of the population.

5. Potential vandalism and damage: Public artworks are susceptible to vandalism, theft, and damage, which can result in additional costs for repairs and security measures.

6. Community consultation and involvement: The decision to invest in public art should involve community consultation and engagement to ensure that the artworks reflect the preferences and values of the local population, avoiding potential disagreements and wasteful spending.

QUESTION 3: These days, more fathers stay at home and take care of their children while mothers go out to work. What could be the reasons for this? Is it a positive or negative development?

IDEAS:

Reasons for fathers staying at home and mothers going out to work:

1. Changing gender roles: There has been a shift in societal attitudes towards gender roles, with more recognition of the importance of fathers’ involvement in childcare and the desire for gender equality in both the workplace and the home.

2. Economic factors: In some cases, it may be more financially viable for the mother to work while the father stays at home, especially if the mother has higher earning potential or job opportunities.

3. Maternal career aspirations: Some mothers may have ambitious career goals and choose to pursue their professional endeavors, while fathers may be willing to take on the primary caregiver role to support their partner’s aspirations.

4. Parental preference and bonding: Some fathers may have a strong desire to be actively involved in raising their children, forming a deeper bond and connection with their kids, which is seen as mutually beneficial for both fathers and children.

5. Work flexibility and remote working: Advancements in technology and remote working options have made it more feasible for parents to balance work and childcare responsibilities, allowing fathers to take an active role in raising their children.

6. Supportive societal and legal frameworks: The availability of parental leave policies, flexible work arrangements, and societal support for fathers’ involvement in childcare can encourage fathers to stay at home and actively participate in parenting.

7. Changing family dynamics: Nuclear family structures are evolving, and the traditional division of household and caregiving responsibilities is becoming more flexible and adaptable to individual family circumstances.

8. Shared parenting values: Many couples believe in the benefits of shared parenting, where both parents have equal responsibilities and involvement in raising their children, fostering a sense of equality and cooperation within the family unit.

Positive development:

1. Gender equality: Fathers taking on caregiving responsibilities challenges traditional gender roles, promotes gender equality, and dismantles stereotypes about parenting roles, benefiting both men and women.

2. Enhanced parent-child relationships: When fathers actively participate in raising their children, it can lead to stronger bonds, increased emotional support, and enriched parent-child relationships.

3. Positive role modeling: Children growing up with involved fathers can develop a broader perspective on gender roles and have positive male role models, promoting healthy attitudes towards parenting and gender equality.

4. Work-life balance: Shared parenting allows for a better work-life balance for both parents, reducing the burden on mothers and providing fathers with an opportunity to actively contribute to their children’s upbringing.

5. Increased support networks: As more fathers take on caregiving roles, it can lead to the formation of support networks among stay-at-home dads, fostering camaraderie, and sharing experiences.

6. Skill development: Fathers who take on caregiving responsibilities develop valuable skills such as empathy, nurturing, and multitasking, which can benefit their personal growth and future professional endeavors.

Negative aspects:

1. Social stigmatization: Some fathers may face societal judgment or criticism for deviating from traditional gender roles, which can create challenges and stress.

2. Financial implications: Depending on the economic circumstances, the family may experience financial strains if the father’s income is significantly reduced or if they face difficulties re-entering the workforce later on.

3. Lack of institutional support: Some workplaces may not have adequate support systems or policies in place to accommodate fathers who want to take on caregiving roles, leading to limited opportunities or discrimination.

4. Potential career setbacks: Fathers who prioritize childcare responsibilities may face challenges in terms of career progression, missed opportunities, or difficulties re-entering the workforce after an extended break.

5. Inequality in parental leave: In some regions, parental leave policies may be skewed towards mothers, offering more benefits and support to mothers than fathers, creating an imbalance in caregiving responsibilities.

6. Individual family dynamics: The decision for fathers to stay at home and mothers to work should be based on individual family dynamics and personal preferences. It may not be suitable or desirable for all families.

QUESTION 4: Many companies sponsor sports as a way of advertising themselves. Some people think this is good for the world of sport, while others think it is negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

IDEAS:

Positive view:

1. Financial support: Sponsorship from companies provides financial resources that enable sports organizations, teams, and athletes to thrive and invest in their training, facilities, and development programs.

2. Increased exposure: Sponsorship brings more visibility to sports, allowing them to reach larger audiences and gain more popularity. This exposure can lead to increased participation, fan engagement, and overall growth in the world of sports.

3. Professionalism and professionalism: Sponsorship helps elevate the professionalism of sports by providing resources for professional training, equipment, and facilities, thereby enhancing the overall quality and competitiveness of sporting events.

4. Infrastructure development: Sponsorship often involves investments in sports infrastructure, such as stadiums, arenas, and training facilities, which benefit athletes and spectators alike, improving the overall sporting experience.

5. Athlete support: Sponsorship enables athletes to focus on their training and performance by providing financial support for their living expenses, coaching, and equipment, allowing them to reach their full potential.

6. Collaboration and partnerships: Sponsorship fosters collaboration between companies and sports organizations, leading to innovative initiatives, community engagement programs, and mutual benefits for both parties.

7. Global reach: Companies sponsoring sports often have a global presence, which allows sports to reach international audiences and create connections and cultural exchange through sporting events.

8. Sports accessibility: Sponsorship can help make sports more accessible to a wider range of individuals by providing funding for grassroots programs, scholarships, and initiatives that promote inclusivity and equal opportunities.

Negative view:

1. Commercialization of sports: Excessive sponsorship and advertising can lead to the commercialization of sports, where the focus shifts from the purity of the game to revenue generation, potentially compromising the integrity and spirit of sports.

2. Influence on competition: Sponsorship may lead to an uneven playing field, as certain teams or athletes with greater financial backing may have an advantage over others, undermining fair competition and the meritocracy of sports.

3. Brand dominance: Overwhelming sponsorship from a few major brands may lead to brand dominance, limiting the diversity of sponsors and potentially reducing opportunities for smaller businesses to support sports.

4. Conflicts of interest: Sponsorship relationships may create conflicts of interest, where decisions regarding sports governance, rules, or athlete selection are influenced by sponsors’ commercial objectives rather than the best interests of the sport itself.

5. Distraction from the essence of sports: Excessive branding and commercialization can overshadow the essence of sports, such as the pursuit of excellence, teamwork, and personal growth, shifting the focus towards commercial interests.

6. Exploitation of athletes: In some cases, athletes may be exploited by sponsors, facing excessive pressure or exploitation in exchange for financial support, compromising their well-being and autonomy.

QUESTION 5: Historical objects should be brought back to their country of origin. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agreeing:

1. Cultural heritage preservation: Returning historical objects to their country of origin helps preserve and protect the cultural heritage of that nation, allowing future generations to have access to and learn from their own history.

2. Restoring national identity: Historical objects hold significant cultural and historical value for a nation. Bringing them back can help restore and strengthen the national identity and pride of the country.

3. Rightful ownership: Returning historical objects acknowledges the rightful ownership of cultural artifacts to their country of origin, rectifying past instances of colonialism, looting, or illegal acquisition.

4. Enhancing cultural tourism: The repatriation of historical objects can boost cultural tourism, attracting visitors who are interested in experiencing the authentic heritage of a particular country.

5. Strengthening international relationships: Returning historical objects fosters goodwill and positive relationships between countries, promoting cultural diplomacy and mutual respect for each other’s heritage.

6. Reuniting fragmented collections: Many historical objects are scattered across museums and private collections worldwide. Repatriation allows for the reunification of fragmented collections, providing a more comprehensive understanding of a nation’s history.

7. Encouraging responsible museum practices: Repatriation encourages museums to adopt more responsible acquisition policies, conducting thorough provenance research and ensuring the ethical sourcing of cultural artifacts.

8. Empowering source countries: Returning historical objects empowers source countries to reclaim and protect their cultural heritage, allowing them to have control over their own history and artifacts.

Disagreeing:

1. Preservation in foreign institutions: Historical objects may be better preserved and protected in established institutions in foreign countries, ensuring their long-term conservation and accessibility to a wider global audience.

2. International cultural exchange: Historical objects held in foreign museums contribute to cultural exchange and understanding, as they allow people from different countries to learn and appreciate diverse cultures and histories.

3. Educational opportunities: Historical objects displayed in foreign museums provide educational opportunities for both local and international visitors, offering insights into different cultures and fostering cross-cultural dialogue.

4. Expertise and resources: Some countries may lack the necessary expertise, infrastructure, or resources to properly care for and exhibit historical objects, making foreign institutions better suited for their preservation and display.

5. Global accessibility: Historical objects housed in foreign museums are accessible to a broader international audience, including researchers, scholars, and tourists from around the world, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge.

6. Mitigating risks of damage or loss: Political instability, natural disasters, or inadequate security measures in some countries may pose risks to the preservation and safety of historical objects, making foreign museums a safer option.

7. Shared heritage: Historical objects often have complex histories that involve multiple cultures and nations. Keeping them in foreign museums allows for the celebration of shared heritage and the interconnectivity of different civilizations.

8. Compensation through loans or collaborations: Instead of complete repatriation, countries can establish loan programs or collaborations with foreign museums, ensuring temporary access to historical objects while maintaining a sense of ownership.

QUESTION 6: Some people believe that there should be a fixed punishment for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.

Fixed Punishment:

1. Certainty and consistency: A fixed punishment system provides certainty and consistency in the justice system. It ensures that similar crimes are treated equally, regardless of individual circumstances or motivations.

2. Deterrence: Fixed punishments can serve as a deterrent to potential criminals. Knowing the exact consequences of their actions may discourage individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.

3. Efficiency: Fixed punishments streamline the judicial process by eliminating the need for extensive case-by-case analysis. This can save time, resources, and reduce the burden on the legal system.

4. Transparency: Clear and predefined punishments increase transparency in the justice system. It helps the public understand the consequences of criminal actions and promotes faith in the fairness of the legal system.

5. Objectivity: Fixed punishments minimize the potential for bias or subjectivity in sentencing. It ensures that all individuals who commit the same crime are treated equally, regardless of personal circumstances.

6. Equal justice: A fixed punishment system promotes the principle of equal justice under the law. It prevents disparities in sentencing based on factors such as social status, wealth, or personal connections.

7. Ease of implementation: Implementing a fixed punishment system is relatively straightforward and less prone to errors or inconsistencies that may arise when considering individual circumstances.

8. Focus on crime prevention: With fixed punishments, the justice system can focus more on preventive measures, such as rehabilitation programs, that aim to reduce recidivism and address the root causes of criminal behavior.

Considering Individual Circumstances:

1. Just and proportionate sentencing: Taking into account individual circumstances allows for a more nuanced and fair approach to sentencing. It ensures that punishments are proportional to the severity of the crime and the culpability of the offender.

2. Rehabilitation opportunities: Considering individual circumstances enables the justice system to identify underlying issues that contribute to criminal behavior. It opens up the possibility of rehabilitation and reintegration into society, reducing the likelihood of repeat offenses.

3. Humanitarian considerations: Individual circumstances can reveal factors such as mental illness, trauma, or extenuating circumstances that may mitigate the culpability of the offender. Taking these into account can lead to more humane and just outcomes.

4. Tailored sentencing: Recognizing individual circumstances allows for tailored sentencing that addresses the specific needs and circumstances of the offender. This approach can result in more effective and targeted interventions for rehabilitation.

5. Fairness and empathy: Considering the circumstances surrounding a crime demonstrates empathy and a recognition of the complexities of human behavior. It ensures that justice is administered with fairness and compassion.

6. Addressing root causes: By understanding the motivations and circumstances behind a crime, the justice system can address underlying societal issues, such as poverty, inequality, or lack of access to education, which may contribute to criminal behavior.

QUESTION 7: Many companies sponsor sports as a way of advertising themselves. Some people think this is good for the world of sport, while others think it is a negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Positive view:

1. Financial support: Sponsorship from companies provides much-needed financial resources to sports organizations, teams, and athletes. It allows them to invest in training facilities, equipment, coaching staff, and infrastructure development.

2. Exposure and visibility: Sponsorship brings increased visibility to sports events, teams, and athletes. It helps in promoting the sport to a wider audience, attracting more fans, and generating interest and excitement around competitions.

3. Professionalism and growth: Sponsorship enables sports organizations to operate at a professional level. It contributes to the growth and development of sports by providing opportunities for athletes to train and compete at higher levels, raising the overall standard of the sport.

4. Expanded opportunities: Sponsorship opens doors to new opportunities for athletes, such as participation in international tournaments, access to advanced training programs, and exposure to global sports networks.

5. Innovation and technological advancements: Companies involved in sports sponsorship often invest in research and development, leading to innovations in sports equipment, technology, and performance-enhancing techniques. This benefits athletes and the sport as a whole.

6. Community engagement: Sponsorship activities often involve community initiatives, such as grassroots programs, youth development, and support for local sports clubs. This fosters community engagement, encourages participation, and promotes a healthy lifestyle.

7. Economic impact: Sports sponsorship contributes to the economy through job creation, tourism, and increased consumer spending. It generates revenue streams for various industries, including hospitality, retail, and media.

8. Long-term sustainability: Sponsorship partnerships can provide stable funding sources for sports organizations, ensuring their long-term sustainability and allowing them to plan for the future.

Negative view:

1. Commercialization and loss of authenticity: Excessive sponsorship can lead to the commercialization of sports, where the focus shifts from the purity of the game to profit-driven objectives. This may compromise the authenticity and spirit of sportsmanship.

2. Influence on sporting decisions: Companies that sponsor sports may exert undue influence on sporting decisions, such as team selection, scheduling, or rule changes, potentially undermining the integrity of the sport.

3. Inequality and favoritism: Sponsorship tends to concentrate resources and attention on popular sports and high-profile teams or athletes, perpetuating inequalities between sports and leaving less-supported sports or athletes at a disadvantage.

4. Over-commercialization of events: Sponsorship can result in excessive branding, product placements, and advertising during sporting events, diminishing the overall experience for fans and distracting from the actual competition.

5. Dependency on corporate funding: Sports organizations may become overly reliant on corporate sponsors, making them vulnerable to the fluctuating priorities and financial situations of the sponsors. This dependency can threaten the stability of the sport.

6. Conflicts of interest: Sponsorship relationships may create conflicts of interest, where athletes or teams feel pressured to promote certain products or engage in activities that may not align with their personal values or the best interests of the sport.

QUESTION 8: Some people say that supermarkets and manufacturers have a responsibility to reduce the amount of packaging on products they sell. Others believe that it is the consumer’s responsibility to avoid buying products which have a lot of packaging. Discuss both views and give your opinions.

Supermarkets and Manufacturers’ Responsibility to Reduce Packaging:

1. Environmental impact: Supermarkets and manufacturers have a significant role in reducing packaging waste as they are major contributors to the problem. By implementing sustainable packaging practices, they can reduce the environmental impact of excessive packaging materials.

2. Resource conservation: Packaging requires the use of natural resources, energy, and water during production. By reducing packaging, supermarkets and manufacturers can contribute to the conservation of these resources and minimize their overall ecological footprint.

3. Consumer convenience: Excessive packaging can be inconvenient for consumers, leading to difficulties in storage and disposal. Supermarkets and manufacturers can enhance the shopping experience by reducing unnecessary packaging, making it easier for consumers to handle and use products.

4. Brand image and customer loyalty: Adopting sustainable packaging practices can improve the brand image of supermarkets and manufacturers. Consumers increasingly value environmentally responsible companies, and by demonstrating commitment to reducing packaging, these businesses can enhance customer loyalty and attract new environmentally conscious consumers.

5. Cost savings: Reducing packaging can lead to cost savings for supermarkets and manufacturers. Less packaging material means lower production and transportation costs, which can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices or reinvested in sustainable initiatives.

6. Regulatory pressure and industry standards: Supermarkets and manufacturers may face increasing regulatory pressure to reduce packaging waste. By taking proactive measures, they can stay ahead of regulations and industry standards, avoiding potential fines or reputational damage.

Consumer Responsibility to Avoid Buying Overpackaged Products:

1. Consumer choice and demand: Consumers have the power to influence market trends through their purchasing decisions. By actively choosing products with minimal packaging or opting for environmentally friendly alternatives, they can create a demand for sustainable packaging practices.

2. Economic incentives: When consumers avoid buying overpackaged products, it sends a signal to supermarkets and manufacturers that excessive packaging may result in reduced sales. This can incentivize companies to reconsider their packaging strategies and invest in more sustainable options.

3. Personal environmental responsibility: Consumers can take personal responsibility for their environmental impact by consciously avoiding overpackaged products. It aligns with principles of sustainability and encourages mindful consumption.

4. Education and awareness: Consumer responsibility is linked to education and awareness about the environmental consequences of excessive packaging. By staying informed and advocating for sustainable packaging practices, consumers can drive change and influence the industry.

5. Market competition: Consumer preferences for products with minimal packaging can drive market competition and encourage supermarkets and manufacturers to respond by offering more sustainable options. This competition can ultimately lead to a reduction in packaging waste.

6. Collective action: Consumers can join forces through activism, social media campaigns, and community initiatives to raise awareness about packaging waste and put pressure on supermarkets and manufacturers to prioritize sustainable packaging practices.

QUESTION 9: It is believed that people who read for pleasure develop their imagination more and acquire better language skills compared to people who prefer watching television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agree:

1. Imagination development: Reading allows individuals to create mental images, stimulating their imagination and fostering creativity. It requires readers to visualize characters, settings, and events, enhancing their imaginative abilities.

2. Language skills improvement: Reading exposes individuals to a wide range of vocabulary, sentence structures, and writing styles. Regular reading helps improve language comprehension, fluency, and communication skills.

3. Cognitive development: Reading engages the brain in a complex mental process, promoting critical thinking, analytical skills, and problem-solving abilities. It enhances cognitive function and mental agility.

4. Empathy and emotional intelligence: Reading fiction exposes readers to diverse characters and perspectives, fostering empathy and emotional intelligence. It helps individuals understand different emotions, experiences, and cultural contexts.

5. Concentration and focus: Reading requires sustained attention and concentration, helping individuals develop focus and discipline. It improves the ability to engage with information for extended periods, which can benefit other areas of life.

6. Knowledge expansion: Reading exposes individuals to a wealth of information and different topics, expanding their knowledge base and understanding of the world. It encourages lifelong learning and personal growth.

7. Stress reduction: Reading has been shown to reduce stress and provide relaxation. It offers an escape from daily pressures and provides a healthy and enjoyable way to unwind.

8. Enhanced cultural understanding: Reading exposes individuals to different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, promoting intercultural understanding and tolerance.

Disagree:

1. Visual stimulation: Television and visual media provide visual and auditory stimuli, which can enhance comprehension and engagement for some individuals, particularly visual learners.

2. Accessible storytelling: Television and film offer accessible and engaging storytelling that can capture the attention of individuals who may struggle with traditional reading.

3. Multi-sensory experience: Television engages multiple senses simultaneously, incorporating visuals, sound effects, music, and dialogue, which can enhance the overall entertainment experience.

4. Visual representation: Television and film can provide visual representations of stories and concepts that may be difficult to grasp through text alone, making them more accessible to some individuals.

5. Real-world exposure: Television exposes viewers to a wide range of real-world scenarios, cultural references, and social dynamics, which can contribute to their understanding and knowledge of the world.

6. Convenience and accessibility: Television is easily accessible and convenient, allowing individuals to access a wide variety of content at their own pace and convenience.

QUESTION 9: Most people prefer shopping in supermarkets nowadays. How does this affect the local shops? What are the positive and negative impacts of this development?

Effects on Local Shops:

Positive Impacts:

1. Increased competition and innovation: The presence of supermarkets can push local shops to become more competitive and innovative. They may introduce new products, services, or unique offerings to differentiate themselves from larger retailers.

2. Job creation and support for the local economy: Local shops play a vital role in job creation, particularly in small communities. They often hire locally, contributing to the local economy and fostering community development.

3. Personalized service and community connection: Local shops often provide personalized service, building relationships with customers and creating a sense of community. They may offer a more intimate shopping experience, knowing customers by name and catering to their specific needs.

4. Unique and specialized products: Local shops often specialize in niche products or handmade goods that may not be readily available in supermarkets. They can provide a curated selection that caters to specific customer preferences.

5. Cultural preservation and heritage: Local shops can preserve the cultural heritage of a community by offering traditional products, supporting local artisans, and showcasing local craftsmanship.

6. Reduced carbon footprint: Local shops are often within walking distance for residents, promoting a more sustainable and eco-friendly shopping experience. This can help reduce carbon emissions associated with transportation.

7. Economic diversity and resilience: Local shops contribute to economic diversity by providing alternatives to large supermarket chains. This diversification can help communities withstand economic downturns and maintain a resilient local economy.

8. Support for local entrepreneurs: Local shops provide opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs to start their own businesses, fostering innovation and economic growth at the grassroots level.

Negative Impacts:

1. Competition from larger retailers: Supermarkets can pose significant competition to local shops, often benefiting from economies of scale, lower prices, and a broader product range. This can put pressure on local shops, leading to a decline in sales and profitability.

2. Loss of jobs and economic decline: As customers shift their shopping preferences to supermarkets, local shops may struggle to stay afloat, resulting in job losses and a decline in the local economy.

3. Limited resources and purchasing power: Local shops may face challenges in sourcing products at competitive prices due to their smaller scale and limited purchasing power. This can make it difficult for them to offer competitive prices or a wide variety of products.

4. Reduced convenience and opening hours: Local shops may have limited operating hours and a smaller selection compared to supermarkets, which can be less convenient for consumers who prefer longer opening hours and a one-stop shopping experience.

5. Decline in community cohesion: The shift towards supermarkets can reduce the sense of community and social interaction that local shops often foster. Supermarkets may lack the personal touch and connection that local shops provide.

6. Homogenization of retail landscape: The dominance of supermarkets can lead to a homogenization of the retail landscape, with similar chain stores dominating the market and reducing diversity in product offerings.

7. Impact on local suppliers: Local shops often source products from local suppliers, supporting the local agricultural and manufacturing sectors. The decline of local shops may negatively impact these suppliers, affecting their business viability.

8. Loss of cultural identity: Local shops contribute to the unique character and charm of a community. The disappearance of local shops can lead to a loss of cultural identity and a more generic retail environment.

QUESTION 10: The demand for food is increasing worldwide. What are the causes? What measures could the international community take in order to improve the situation?

Causes of Increasing Food Demand:

1. Population growth: The global population is continuously increasing, leading to a higher demand for food to sustain the growing number of people.

2. Changing dietary patterns: As incomes rise in many parts of the world, people tend to shift towards more resource-intensive diets, including increased consumption of meat and dairy products. These diets require more land, water, and feed resources to produce, contributing to increased food demand.

3. Urbanization: Rapid urbanization results in the concentration of populations in cities, leading to increased demand for processed and convenience foods. This shift in lifestyle and dietary preferences drives up the overall demand for food.

4. Income growth and improved standards of living: Economic development and rising incomes enable individuals to afford a higher quantity and variety of food. This increased purchasing power translates into greater demand for food products.

5. Changing demographics: Aging populations and changing family structures can influence food demand. For example, smaller households and an increase in single-person households can lead to increased demand for ready-to-eat meals and smaller portion sizes.

6. Globalization and international trade: Increased trade and globalization have facilitated the availability of diverse food products from different regions, increasing consumer choices and contributing to overall food demand.

7. Climate change and environmental degradation: The impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, such as extreme weather events and soil degradation, can disrupt food production and reduce supply. This can further drive up demand as efforts are made to compensate for these losses.

8. Food waste: The significant amount of food waste that occurs throughout the supply chain contributes to increased demand. Reducing food waste can help optimize food resources and alleviate the need for additional production.

Measures to Improve the Situation:

1. Sustainable agricultural practices: Promote and support sustainable farming practices that optimize resource use, minimize environmental impacts, and enhance productivity.

2. Investment in research and development: Increase investment in agricultural research and development to improve crop varieties, enhance productivity, and develop sustainable farming techniques.

3. Improve access to technology and innovation: Enhance access to agricultural technologies, such as improved seeds, efficient irrigation systems, and precision farming techniques, especially for smallholder farmers in developing countries.

4. Promote diversified and resilient food systems: Encourage diversified agricultural systems that include a wide range of crops, livestock, and fisheries to enhance food security and adaptability to changing conditions.

5. Enhance rural infrastructure and market access: Invest in rural infrastructure, including roads, storage facilities, and market access, to reduce post-harvest losses and improve farmers’ ability to reach markets.

6. Improve food distribution and reduce food waste: Implement strategies to reduce food loss and waste throughout the supply chain, including better storage, transportation, and distribution systems, as well as raising awareness among consumers.

7. Strengthen social safety nets and support vulnerable populations: Develop social safety nets and targeted interventions to support vulnerable populations, ensuring access to nutritious food and addressing food insecurity.

8. International cooperation and policy coordination: Encourage collaboration and coordination among nations to address global food challenges, including sharing best practices, knowledge transfer, and supporting policies that promote sustainable agriculture and food systems.

QUESTION 11: Sometimes, young people find it difficult to communicate with older people. Why is this? What are the solutions?

Reasons for Difficulty in Communication between Young and Older People:

1. Generation gap: Young people and older people often have different life experiences, cultural references, and perspectives, which can create a communication barrier.

2. Technological differences: The rapid advancement of technology has led to a significant generation gap, with younger people being more proficient in using digital platforms and older people feeling less comfortable with these technologies.

3. Language and communication style: Differences in language usage, slang, and communication styles can lead to misunderstandings and difficulty in connecting with each other.

4. Generation-specific interests: Younger and older people may have distinct interests, hobbies, and topics of conversation, making it challenging to find common ground and engage in meaningful dialogue.

5. Stereotypes and prejudices: Preconceived notions and stereotypes about each other’s generations can hinder open and authentic communication. These biases can create barriers and prevent mutual understanding.

6. Cultural and societal changes: Younger generations may have different values, beliefs, and social norms compared to older generations, leading to potential clashes and difficulties in finding common ground.

7. Lack of empathy and understanding: Both young and older individuals may struggle to empathize and understand each other’s perspectives, which can hinder effective communication.

8. Limited exposure and interaction: Limited opportunities for intergenerational interaction and engagement can contribute to a lack of understanding and difficulty in communicating effectively.

Solutions to Improve Communication:

1. Foster empathy and understanding: Encourage both young and older individuals to develop empathy and understanding towards each other’s perspectives and experiences. Promote open-mindedness and respect for different viewpoints.

2. Facilitate intergenerational programs: Create opportunities for young and older individuals to interact and engage in joint activities, such as mentoring programs, community projects, or social events. These activities can help bridge the generation gap and foster mutual understanding.

3. Promote active listening: Encourage both young and older individuals to actively listen to each other without judgment, allowing for meaningful and respectful dialogue.

4. Bridge the technology gap: Offer technology training programs or initiatives that help older individuals become more comfortable with digital platforms, enabling them to connect with younger generations more easily.

5. Encourage intergenerational learning: Facilitate opportunities for older individuals to share their wisdom, knowledge, and life experiences with younger people, creating a sense of value and appreciation for the older generation.

6. Establish common interests and activities: Identify and promote shared interests and activities that can bring young and older individuals together, fostering connections and meaningful conversations.

7. Encourage intergenerational collaboration: Promote collaboration between young and older individuals in various domains, such as work, education, and community projects. This can enhance understanding and communication through shared goals and experiences.

8. Raise awareness and challenge stereotypes: Conduct awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to challenge stereotypes and promote positive intergenerational relationships. Encourage dialogue that highlights the strengths and contributions of each generation.

QUESTION 12: Many people think technological devices such as smartphones, tablets, and mobile phones bring more disadvantages than advantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agreeing that technological devices bring more disadvantages:

1. Social disconnection: Excessive use of technological devices can lead to decreased face-to-face interaction and social disconnection, as people become more engrossed in their screens and less engaged with their immediate surroundings.

2. Health implications: Extended screen time and sedentary behaviors associated with device usage can contribute to health issues such as eye strain, poor posture, sleep disturbances, and decreased physical activity.

3. Addiction and dependency: Technological devices, especially smartphones and tablets, can be addictive, leading to excessive screen time and neglect of other important activities, such as studying, work, or personal relationships.

4. Privacy concerns: The use of technological devices raises privacy concerns, as personal information and data can be easily accessed and exploited by unauthorized individuals or companies.

5. Impaired communication skills: Excessive reliance on digital communication platforms can lead to a decline in face-to-face communication skills, including non-verbal cues, empathy, and active listening.

6. Distraction and decreased productivity: Technological devices can be a source of distraction, diverting attention from tasks, work, or studies, resulting in decreased productivity and efficiency.

7. Cybersecurity risks: The widespread use of technological devices increases the vulnerability to cyber threats, such as hacking, identity theft, and malware attacks.

8. Negative impact on mental health: Excessive use of technological devices has been linked to mental health issues, including increased stress, anxiety, depression, and social comparison.

Disagreeing that technological devices bring more disadvantages:

1. Access to information: Technological devices provide instant access to a vast amount of information, allowing users to stay informed, learn new things, and explore different perspectives.

2. Enhanced communication: Technological devices facilitate communication with people across the globe through various platforms such as video calls, instant messaging, and social media, fostering connections and reducing geographical barriers.

3. Increased productivity and efficiency: Technological devices offer tools and applications that enhance productivity, allowing individuals to manage tasks, schedule, and collaborate efficiently.

4. Educational opportunities: Technological devices enable access to online courses, educational resources, and digital learning platforms, expanding educational opportunities and promoting lifelong learning.

5. Empowerment and self-expression: Technological devices provide platforms for self-expression, creativity, and innovation, enabling individuals to share their ideas, creations, and opinions with a wider audience.

6. Convenience and time-saving: Technological devices offer numerous functionalities and applications that streamline daily activities, such as online banking, shopping, navigation, and entertainment, saving time and increasing convenience.

7. Economic opportunities: Technological devices have facilitated the growth of online businesses, remote work, and digital entrepreneurship, creating new economic opportunities and flexibility in employment.

8. Accessibility and inclusivity: Technological devices have improved accessibility for individuals with disabilities, allowing them to access information, communicate, and engage in various activities that were previously challenging or inaccessible.

QUESTION 13: Some people think governments should care more about the elderly while others think they should focus on investing in education for younger people. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Viewpoint: Governments should care more about the elderly:

1. Aging population: Many countries are experiencing an increase in the elderly population, and it is crucial for governments to address their needs, including healthcare, social support, and financial security.

2. Contributions and rights: The elderly have made significant contributions to society throughout their lives, and it is important to honor and respect their rights by providing adequate care, assistance, and resources in their later years.

3. Healthcare and pension systems: Governments should prioritize healthcare services and pension systems to ensure the well-being and dignity of the elderly population.

4. Social isolation: The elderly are susceptible to social isolation and loneliness, and government initiatives can help combat these issues through community programs, support networks, and opportunities for social engagement.

5. Experience and wisdom: The elderly possess valuable experience and wisdom that can benefit younger generations. Governments should support intergenerational programs that facilitate knowledge transfer and foster mutual understanding and respect.

6. Economic impact: The elderly population represents a significant consumer group, and catering to their needs can have positive economic implications, such as stimulating healthcare and elderly care industries.

Viewpoint: Governments should focus on investing in education for younger people:

1. Future development: Investing in education for younger people is vital for the long-term development and progress of society. Well-educated individuals can contribute to innovation, economic growth, and social advancement.

2. Addressing inequality: Education plays a crucial role in addressing socioeconomic inequalities by providing equal opportunities for all young people, regardless of their background or social status.

3. Skill development: Education equips young individuals with the necessary skills, knowledge, and competencies to navigate an evolving job market and contribute effectively to the workforce.

4. Social mobility: Education has the potential to uplift individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds and empower them to improve their lives and break the cycle of poverty.

5. Innovation and problem-solving: Investing in education fosters a culture of innovation, critical thinking, and problem-solving, enabling younger generations to tackle societal challenges and contribute to positive change.

6. Long-term benefits: The benefits of investing in education are not limited to individuals but extend to society as a whole. Well-educated individuals are more likely to make informed decisions, participate in civic activities, and contribute positively to their communities.

QUESTION 14: It is better for children if the whole family including aunts, uncles, and so on are involved in a child’s upbringing, rather than just their parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agreeing that the whole family should be involved in a child’s upbringing:

1. Emotional support: Involvement of extended family members provides additional emotional support to the child, as they have more individuals to turn to for guidance, comfort, and advice.

2. Diverse perspectives: Each family member brings their unique perspective and experiences to the child’s upbringing, exposing them to a broader range of ideas, values, and cultural practices.

3. Shared responsibilities: Involvement of extended family members can alleviate some of the parenting responsibilities from the parents, allowing for a more balanced distribution of caregiving tasks and reducing parental stress.

4. Family bonds: Extended family involvement strengthens family bonds and fosters a sense of belonging and connection for the child. It creates a network of support and a sense of family unity.

5. Skill development: Different family members may possess specific skills, knowledge, or talents that they can impart to the child, enriching their development in various areas such as sports, arts, or academics.

6. Cultural preservation: Involving extended family members in a child’s upbringing can help preserve cultural traditions, customs, and values within the family, ensuring the passing down of important cultural heritage.

7. Socialization opportunities: Interacting with a diverse range of family members exposes the child to different social dynamics, enhancing their social skills, adaptability, and ability to navigate various relationships.

8. Sense of belonging: Involvement of extended family members creates a sense of extended community and belonging for the child, providing a wider support network beyond immediate parents.

Disagreeing that the whole family should be involved in a child’s upbringing:

1. Parental autonomy: Parents should have the primary role and authority in making decisions regarding their child’s upbringing, as they are the ones responsible for their well-being and development.

2. Parent-child bond: A strong parent-child bond can be established when parents take the lead in raising and nurturing their child, without excessive interference or influence from extended family members.

3. Conflicting opinions: Involvement of extended family members may lead to conflicting opinions and approaches to parenting, potentially causing confusion and inconsistency for the child.

4. Parental decision-making: Parental decision-making may be compromised when multiple family members are involved, as the child’s upbringing becomes subject to the preferences and opinions of various individuals.

5. Privacy and personal space: Constant involvement of extended family members in a child’s upbringing may infringe upon the family’s privacy and personal space, leading to potential conflicts and intrusions.

6. Individual parenting styles: Parents may have their unique parenting styles and philosophies that may not align with those of extended family members, leading to potential clashes and disagreements.

7. Independence and autonomy: Allowing parents to take the lead in raising their child encourages the development of independence and autonomy in the child, as they learn to make decisions and solve problems with guidance from their parents.

8. Time and availability: Involving the entire extended family in a child’s upbringing may not always be feasible due to geographical distance, time constraints, or individual family members’ availability.

QUESTION 15: Many researchers believe that we can now study the behaviour of children to see if they will grow up to be criminals, while others disagree.

Agreeing that we can study the behavior of children to predict criminality:

1. Early intervention: Identifying behavioral patterns and risk factors in childhood can enable early intervention and targeted support to prevent the development of criminal behavior later in life.

2. Risk assessment: Studying children’s behavior can help identify specific risk factors associated with criminality, such as aggression, antisocial behavior, or lack of empathy, allowing for targeted interventions to address these factors.

3. Prevention programs: Understanding the behavioral indicators of future criminality can inform the development of effective prevention programs that target at-risk children, aiming to reduce the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.

4. Tailored support: Behavioral studies can assist in tailoring interventions and support services based on individual needs and risk profiles, providing more focused and effective strategies to address potential criminal tendencies.

5. Resource allocation: By identifying children at higher risk of criminal behavior, resources and interventions can be allocated more efficiently and effectively, maximizing the impact of prevention efforts.

6. Personalized treatment plans: Studying children’s behavior can help in creating personalized treatment plans and rehabilitation programs for those already exhibiting early signs of criminality, potentially reducing recidivism rates.

7. Understanding underlying factors: Examining children’s behavior can provide insights into the underlying factors contributing to criminal tendencies, such as environmental influences, family dynamics, or trauma, allowing for targeted interventions addressing these root causes.

8. Public safety: Identifying children at risk of criminal behavior can contribute to public safety by enabling early identification and intervention, potentially reducing the occurrence of crimes and their impact on society.

Disagreeing that we can study the behavior of children to predict criminality:

1. Ethical concerns: Predicting future criminal behavior based on children’s behavior raises ethical concerns, as it may stigmatize and unfairly label individuals, potentially leading to negative consequences or biases in their treatment.

2. Individual variability: Children’s behavior is highly variable, and many factors contribute to their development. It is challenging to accurately predict future criminality based solely on early behavioral observations, as other factors and experiences can significantly influence outcomes.

3. Potential for misdiagnosis: There is a risk of misdiagnosing or overgeneralizing certain behaviors as predictors of future criminality, leading to false positives or inappropriate interventions for children who may not actually engage in criminal activities.

4. Developmental changes: Children’s behaviors and personalities are in constant flux as they grow and mature. Predicting long-term criminal behavior based on early childhood behavior may not accurately account for these developmental changes and their impact on future outcomes.

5. Environmental factors: Criminal behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and social factors. Focusing solely on individual behavior may overlook the significant influence of external factors, such as socio-economic status, peer influence, or community characteristics.

6. Positive potential: Focusing solely on predicting criminal behavior may overshadow the potential for positive development and resilience in children who may face early behavioral challenges but can overcome them with appropriate support and opportunities.

7. Limited predictive power: The accuracy and reliability of predicting future criminality based on childhood behavior may be limited. Many children who exhibit challenging behaviors may not go on to engage in criminal activities, while others who display no early warning signs may still become involved in criminal behavior.

8. Balancing rights and privacy: Studying children’s behavior to predict criminality raises concerns about privacy, consent, and the balance between individual rights and societal interests. It is crucial to navigate these ethical considerations carefully.

QUESTION 16: To what extent do you think crime is determined by genetics? Is it possible to stop children from growing up to be criminals?

Extent to which crime is determined by genetics:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some studies suggest that certain genetic factors may contribute to an increased susceptibility to engaging in criminal behavior. These factors can influence traits such as impulsivity, aggression, and risk-taking behavior.

2. Twin and adoption studies: Research on twins and adopted individuals has provided evidence of a genetic component in criminal behavior, with higher concordance rates among identical twins compared to fraternal twins or unrelated individuals.

3. Gene-environment interactions: The interplay between genetics and environmental factors is crucial in determining the likelihood of criminal behavior. Genetic predispositions may interact with adverse environmental conditions, such as poverty, neglect, or exposure to violence, increasing the risk of criminality.

4. Neurobiology: Certain genetic variations can affect brain structure and function, potentially influencing decision-making processes, impulse control, and emotional regulation, which are relevant to criminal behavior.

5. Family history: Individuals with a family history of criminal behavior or involvement in antisocial activities may be more likely to exhibit similar behaviors due to shared genetic and environmental influences.

6. Heritability estimates: Studies using heritability estimates suggest that genetics can account for a portion of the variance in criminal behavior, indicating a potential role of genetic factors in predisposing individuals to engage in illegal activities.

7. Interaction with environmental factors: While genetics may contribute to the risk of criminal behavior, it is important to acknowledge that environmental factors, such as upbringing, social influences, and community conditions, play significant roles in shaping behavior and choices.

8. Complex interplay: Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors. It is crucial to consider the holistic picture and avoid oversimplification or deterministic views that solely attribute criminal behavior to genetics.

Possibility of preventing children from growing up to be criminals:

1. Early intervention and prevention programs: Identifying risk factors and intervening early in a child’s life can mitigate the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. Targeted interventions, such as parenting programs, mentorship initiatives, and community support, can provide children with positive influences and skills to make pro-social choices.

2. Education and skill-building: Providing quality education and equipping children with essential life skills, including problem-solving, conflict resolution, and emotional intelligence, can contribute to positive development and reduce the likelihood of criminality.

3. Supportive family environments: Nurturing and stable family environments that promote positive relationships, effective communication, and healthy coping mechanisms can foster resilience and protect children from engaging in criminal behavior.

4. Access to resources and opportunities: Addressing socio-economic disparities and providing equal access to education, employment, healthcare, and recreational activities can reduce the risk factors associated with criminal behavior.

5. Rehabilitation and reintegration programs: For children already exhibiting antisocial behaviors, rehabilitation programs that focus on addressing underlying issues, providing therapy, and teaching alternative coping strategies can contribute to their successful reintegration into society.

6. Community engagement: Creating safe and supportive communities, where individuals have access to positive role models, recreational facilities, and mentoring programs, can reduce the social and environmental risk factors that contribute to criminal behavior.

7. Restorative justice approaches: Emphasizing accountability, rehabilitation, and addressing the root causes of criminal behavior can help redirect children towards a positive path and prevent further involvement in illegal activities.

8. Holistic approach: Taking a holistic approach that considers individual needs, environmental influences, and systemic factors is essential in preventing children from growing up to be criminals. It requires a combination of individual-level interventions, community support, and policy initiatives to create an environment conducive to positive development.

QUESTION 17: Human activities have negative effects on plant and animal species. Some people think it is too late to do anything about this problem. Others believe that effective measures can be taken to improve this situation. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

View 1: It is too late to do anything about the problem:

1. Irreversible damage: Some argue that human activities have caused irreversible harm to plant and animal species, leading to the extinction of certain species and irreversible damage to ecosystems. They believe that the damage is already done, and it is too late to reverse the negative effects.

2. Loss of biodiversity: The ongoing loss of biodiversity is a concern, with many species on the brink of extinction. Critics argue that despite conservation efforts, the rate of species decline continues, making it difficult to restore ecosystems to their original state.

3. Global challenges: Addressing the negative effects of human activities on plant and animal species requires coordinated international efforts. However, challenges such as political conflicts, economic interests, and lack of consensus hinder effective action, leading some to believe that it is too late to make a significant impact.

4. Lagging response: Critics argue that the response to conservation efforts has been slow and insufficient, failing to adequately protect and restore habitats. They believe that the lack of timely action has exacerbated the problem, making it more difficult to reverse the damage.

5. Cumulative impact: Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction, have had a cumulative impact over time. Some argue that the scale and intensity of these activities have reached a point where significant restoration and recovery efforts may not be feasible.

6. Climate change: The effects of climate change, driven by human activities, pose additional challenges for plant and animal species. Critics argue that addressing climate change adequately is a daunting task, and its impact on species and ecosystems adds to the belief that it is too late to address the problem effectively.

View 2: Effective measures can be taken to improve the situation:

1. Conservation efforts: Many successful conservation initiatives have demonstrated that effective measures can help protect and restore plant and animal species. Efforts such as habitat restoration, protected areas, and captive breeding programs have shown positive results in preserving endangered species and restoring ecosystems.

2. Public awareness and education: Increasing awareness about the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of human activities can inspire individuals and communities to take action. Education and outreach programs can promote responsible behavior and foster a sense of responsibility towards the environment.

3. Sustainable practices: Encouraging sustainable practices in agriculture, fishing, forestry, and other industries can help reduce the negative impacts on plant and animal species. Adoption of sustainable farming methods, responsible fishing practices, and reduced deforestation can contribute to long-term conservation efforts.

4. Policy and legislation: Implementing strong environmental policies and legislation can provide the necessary framework for protecting plant and animal species. Regulations on habitat protection, wildlife trade, pollution control, and sustainable resource management can help mitigate the negative effects of human activities.

5. International cooperation: Collaborative efforts among countries and international organizations can facilitate the exchange of knowledge, resources, and support for conservation initiatives. Cooperation on issues such as illegal wildlife trade, habitat conservation, and climate change can contribute to improving the situation globally.

6. Restoration and rewilding: Restoration projects that focus on reestablishing degraded habitats and reintroducing native species can help improve the state of plant and animal species. Rewilding efforts, such as reintroducing keystone species, can have cascading positive effects on ecosystems.

QUESTION 18: It is believed that secondary school children should study international news as one of their school subjects. Others think that this is a waste of valuable school time. Discuss both views and give your opinions.

View 1: Secondary school children should study international news:

1. Global awareness: Studying international news can help students develop a broader understanding of global events, cultures, and issues. It promotes global awareness and expands their perspectives beyond their immediate surroundings.

2. Current affairs knowledge: Keeping up with international news enables students to stay informed about significant events and developments worldwide. It helps them develop critical thinking skills and encourages them to form their own opinions on global issues.

3. Cultural understanding: International news exposes students to different cultures, traditions, and viewpoints. This fosters empathy, cultural sensitivity, and an appreciation for diversity, preparing them for a more interconnected world.

4. Global citizenship: Learning about international news encourages students to become responsible global citizens. It helps them recognize their role in addressing global challenges, such as poverty, climate change, and human rights, and inspires them to take action.

5. Career relevance: In an increasingly globalized world, knowledge of international affairs can be valuable for future career opportunities. It can open doors to professions in diplomacy, international relations, journalism, and global business.

6. Critical thinking skills: Studying international news enhances critical thinking skills, as students learn to analyze and evaluate information from multiple sources. It helps them develop media literacy and the ability to discern reliable sources of news.

View 2: Studying international news is a waste of school time:

1. Time constraints: The school curriculum is already packed with essential subjects, and adding international news as a separate subject might take away valuable time from other core subjects, such as mathematics, science, and literature.

2. Irrelevant to local context: Some argue that studying international news may not be directly relevant to the daily lives of students or their immediate community. They believe that focusing on local issues and history would be more beneficial.

3. Information overload: With the constant flow of news from around the world, some argue that students may become overwhelmed by the sheer volume of information. They believe it could lead to a superficial understanding of complex global issues.

4. Bias and misinformation: Critics argue that international news sources may be biased or present distorted perspectives, making it challenging for students to discern the truth. They express concerns about the potential indoctrination of students through biased reporting.

5. Limited resources: Schools may face limitations in accessing reliable and diverse sources of international news. This could hinder the effectiveness of teaching this subject and result in a limited understanding of global events.

6. Local priorities: Some argue that secondary education should prioritize foundational skills and knowledge needed for further studies or careers, rather than dedicating significant time to studying international news.

QUESTION 19: Many scientists believe that now we can study the behavior of a three-year-old child to see whether they will grow up to be criminals. To what extent do you think crime is determined by human nature? Is it possible to stop children from growing up to be criminals?

The extent to which crime is determined by human nature and the possibility of preventing children from growing up to be criminals are complex topics that involve various factors. Here are eight points to consider regarding these questions:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some studies suggest that certain genetic factors can contribute to aggressive or antisocial behavior, which may be associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior. However, genetic predisposition alone is unlikely to determine criminality.

2. Environmental influence: The environment in which a child grows up plays a significant role in shaping their behavior. Factors such as family dynamics, socioeconomic status, peer influence, and community conditions can contribute to the likelihood of criminal behavior.

3. Early childhood development: Experiences during early childhood have a profound impact on long-term behavior. Neglect, abuse, or exposure to violence can increase the risk of antisocial behavior and criminality later in life.

4. Psychological factors: Individual psychological factors, such as impulsivity, lack of empathy, or low self-control, can contribute to engaging in criminal activities. However, not all individuals with these characteristics become criminals, as environmental factors also interact with personal traits.

5. Socialization and education: Positive socialization, including effective parenting, supportive relationships, and access to quality education, can help prevent criminal behavior. Nurturing environments that promote pro-social skills, moral values, and conflict resolution can mitigate the risk.

6. Intervention and prevention programs: Early intervention programs aimed at addressing risk factors and providing support to at-risk children and families have shown promising results in reducing criminal behavior. These programs often involve counseling, mentoring, educational support, and community engagement.

7. Rehabilitation and reintegration: For individuals who have already engaged in criminal behavior, rehabilitation programs can help address underlying issues, provide skills training, and support their reintegration into society. These efforts can reduce recidivism rates and give individuals a chance to lead law-abiding lives.

8. Complex interplay of factors: It is crucial to recognize that crime is not solely determined by nature or nurture but rather results from a complex interplay of multiple factors. No single factor can fully predict criminal behavior, and a comprehensive approach that considers both individual and environmental factors is necessary.

QUESTION 20: Some people say that educational success depends mostly on a good teacher. Others say that student attitudes also do matters. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

View 1: Educational success depends mostly on a good teacher

1. Expertise and knowledge: A good teacher possesses a deep understanding of the subject matter, enabling them to effectively impart knowledge to students. Their expertise can greatly enhance the learning experience and contribute to educational success.

2. Instructional methods: A skilled teacher knows how to employ various instructional strategies to cater to different learning styles and abilities. They can adapt their teaching methods to engage students, clarify complex concepts, and foster understanding.

3. Classroom management: A good teacher creates a positive and structured learning environment, maintaining discipline and order. This facilitates students’ focus and participation, leading to better educational outcomes.

4. Support and guidance: A competent teacher provides individualized support and guidance to students, addressing their academic challenges, and nurturing their strengths. This personalized attention can significantly contribute to educational success.

5. Motivation and inspiration: A good teacher has the ability to inspire students, igniting their curiosity and love for learning. By fostering a passion for education, they can motivate students to achieve their full potential and excel academically.

6. Effective feedback: Teachers who provide constructive feedback and assessment help students identify areas for improvement and develop their skills. Timely and meaningful feedback from a good teacher can positively impact student performance.

7. Classroom environment: A positive and inclusive classroom environment created by a good teacher promotes collaboration, respect, and active participation. Students feel safe to express themselves and engage in meaningful discussions, enhancing their educational experience.

8. Mentorship and guidance: A good teacher not only imparts knowledge but also serves as a mentor and role model. They can guide students in setting goals, developing effective study habits, and making informed educational decisions.

View 2: Student attitudes also matter for educational success

1. Personal responsibility: Students must take ownership of their education and be proactive in their learning. Their attitudes, such as discipline, motivation, and perseverance, significantly influence their academic performance and success.

2. Engagement and participation: Actively engaging in class, participating in discussions, and asking questions demonstrates a student’s commitment to learning. A positive attitude towards participation can enhance understanding and retention of information.

3. Study habits and time management: Students with effective study habits, such as organization, prioritization, and efficient time management, are more likely to succeed academically. Their attitudes towards self-discipline and dedication play a crucial role in achieving educational goals.

4. Curiosity and self-motivation: A curious and self-motivated student seeks knowledge beyond what is taught in the classroom. Their proactive attitude towards learning can lead to independent exploration, research, and a deeper understanding of subjects.

5. Goal setting: Setting realistic and meaningful goals is essential for students to stay focused and motivated. Students with a proactive attitude towards goal setting are more likely to work consistently towards achieving their objectives.

6. Resilience and adaptability: Challenges and setbacks are inevitable in education. Students with a positive attitude towards resilience and adaptability can bounce back from failures, embrace feedback, and use it as an opportunity for growth.

7. Collaboration and teamwork: Students who possess positive attitudes towards collaboration and teamwork can benefit from collective learning experiences. Active participation in group projects and constructive engagement with peers can enhance educational success.

8. Self-reflection and growth mindset: Students who reflect on their strengths and weaknesses and adopt a growth mindset believe in their ability to improve. Such attitudes facilitate continuous learning, self-improvement, and educational success.

QUESTION 22: Some people believe that too many resources and attention are devoted to the protection of wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agreeing: Too many resources and attention devoted to the protection of wild animals and birds

1. Limited resources: Allocating excessive resources to wildlife protection may divert funds from other pressing societal needs, such as education, healthcare, or poverty alleviation, which could potentially benefit a larger human population.

2. Human-centric focus: Critics argue that prioritizing wildlife protection over human well-being is misguided. They believe that addressing human needs and concerns should take precedence, as humans are directly impacted by issues such as poverty, disease, and unemployment.

3. Conservation efficiency: Some argue that the effectiveness of conservation efforts is questionable, suggesting that despite substantial investments, the decline of certain species continues. They contend that redirecting resources to other areas may yield better results for both humans and the environment.

4. Conflicts with human activities: Wildlife protection measures can sometimes conflict with human activities such as agriculture, infrastructure development, or resource extraction. Critics argue that stringent regulations and restrictions imposed for wildlife conservation impede economic growth and livelihood opportunities.

5. Limited direct benefits: Detractors assert that the direct benefits derived from wildlife protection efforts, such as ecotourism or biodiversity research, are insufficient to justify the allocation of significant resources. They contend that the focus should be on addressing immediate human needs instead.

6. Prioritizing endangered species: Critics argue that not all species require the same level of attention and resources. They contend that it may be more practical to focus resources on protecting flagship species or those crucial for ecosystem functioning, rather than dedicating resources to every individual species.

7. Human overpopulation: Critics argue that the rapid growth of the human population poses significant challenges to the environment and biodiversity. They contend that allocating excessive resources to wildlife protection without addressing population growth may not lead to sustainable outcomes in the long run.

8. Alternative conservation approaches: Some suggest that alternative conservation approaches, such as sustainable land and resource management or community-based conservation, can achieve better outcomes by integrating human needs and wildlife protection.

Disagreeing: Sufficient resources and attention are justified for the protection of wild animals and birds

1. Biodiversity preservation: Wild animals and birds play critical roles in maintaining ecosystem balance and preserving biodiversity. Protecting them ensures the long-term sustainability of ecosystems, which benefits humans as well.

2. Ecological services: Wildlife provides essential ecological services, such as pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control, which are vital for maintaining agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Investing in their protection is crucial for human food security and ecosystem functioning.

3. Cultural and aesthetic value: Wildlife holds cultural and aesthetic value for human societies. Preserving biodiversity allows for the continuation of cultural practices, fosters eco-tourism, and provides recreational opportunities, enhancing the overall well-being of individuals and communities.

4. Scientific research and discovery: Wild animals and birds serve as subjects of scientific research, leading to advancements in understanding ecosystems, genetics, and medicine. Investing in their protection allows for valuable scientific discoveries and potential applications for human welfare.

5. Indirect benefits: Wildlife conservation can have indirect benefits for humans, such as improved air and water quality, climate regulation, and flood mitigation. Preserving natural habitats contributes to the overall resilience of ecosystems and can mitigate the impact of natural disasters.

6. Ethical responsibility: Many argue that humans have an ethical responsibility to protect and respect all forms of life. Ensuring the well-being and survival of wild animals and birds is seen as a moral obligation that goes beyond immediate human needs.

7. Environmental education: Wildlife conservation efforts provide opportunities for environmental education and awareness. By emphasizing the importance of wildlife protection, societies can foster a sense of environmental stewardship and inspire future generations to prioritize conservation.

8. Interconnectedness of ecosystems: Protecting wild animals and birds is essential for maintaining the intricate web of ecological relationships within ecosystems. Disruptions or extinctions can have cascading effects on other species and ecosystem functions, ultimately impacting human well-being.

QUESTION 23: Some people think it is one of the best ways to solve environmental problems by increasing the cost of fuel for cars and other vehicles. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agreeing: Increasing the cost of fuel for cars and other vehicles as a solution to environmental problems

1. Encouraging fuel efficiency: Higher fuel prices can incentivize consumers to choose more fuel-efficient vehicles or opt for alternative transportation modes, such as public transit or cycling, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption.

2. Promoting alternative energy sources: Increased fuel costs can drive innovation and investment in alternative energy technologies, such as electric vehicles or renewable energy sources. This shift can contribute to a reduction in fossil fuel dependency and mitigate environmental damage.

3. Revenue for environmental initiatives: Higher fuel prices can generate additional revenue that can be allocated towards funding environmental initiatives, such as the development of clean energy infrastructure, public transportation systems, or conservation efforts.

4. Behavior change: The economic impact of increased fuel costs can prompt individuals to adopt more sustainable travel habits, such as carpooling, trip consolidation, or choosing closer destinations. These behavioral changes can lead to a reduction in overall carbon emissions.

5. Reduced air pollution: Higher fuel prices can discourage unnecessary driving and congestion, leading to improved air quality in urban areas. This can have positive health implications by reducing respiratory illnesses and associated healthcare costs.

6. Encouraging urban planning: Increased fuel costs can incentivize urban planners to prioritize compact, walkable communities with mixed land use. This approach can reduce the need for long-distance commuting, promoting sustainable urban development and reducing environmental impact.

7. International cooperation: Higher fuel costs can serve as a global signal for the urgency of transitioning to more sustainable transportation systems. It can encourage international cooperation on reducing emissions and developing cleaner technologies.

8. Climate change mitigation: Increasing the cost of fuel can contribute to efforts to mitigate climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, which is a significant contributor to global warming.

Disagreeing: Increasing the cost of fuel for cars and other vehicles as a solution to environmental problems

1. Disproportionate impact on low-income individuals: Higher fuel costs can disproportionately affect low-income individuals who heavily rely on personal vehicles for transportation. This can exacerbate social and economic inequalities.

2. Limited alternatives: In some areas, viable alternatives to private vehicles, such as efficient public transportation or cycling infrastructure, may be inadequate. Increasing fuel prices without sufficient alternative options can disproportionately burden certain communities.

3. Economic impact: Higher fuel costs can lead to increased transportation and production costs, which can have a ripple effect on the economy. Industries reliant on transportation, such as agriculture or manufacturing, may face challenges, potentially leading to job losses or higher consumer prices.

4. Rural and remote areas: Rural and remote areas often lack accessible public transportation options, making private vehicles a necessity. Increasing fuel costs can disproportionately impact residents of these areas, limiting their mobility and access to essential services.

5. Technological limitations: Transitioning to alternative energy sources and technologies, such as electric vehicles, may not be feasible for everyone due to factors such as limited charging infrastructure, affordability, or lack of technological advancements in certain regions.

6. Inefficient implementation: The effectiveness of increasing fuel costs as an environmental solution depends on proper implementation and enforcement. Without effective policies and mechanisms to ensure that funds are allocated towards environmental initiatives, the desired outcomes may not be achieved.

7. Behavior persistence: While higher fuel costs may initially lead to behavioral changes, individuals may eventually adapt and revert to previous travel patterns. This could diminish the long-term environmental impact of increased fuel prices.

8. Global implications: Implementing fuel price increases within a single country may have limited impact on global emissions if other nations do not adopt similar measures. To address environmental problems comprehensively, international cooperation is necessary.